The Raising of Lazarus free essay sample

The Gospel according to John is quite different from the synoptic gospels. It is unique as it does not follow the same order or the same stories as the synoptic gospels shows. It is highly literary and symbolic. (The New American Bible, 2004). This gospel narrative of John contains a series of â€Å"signs†, in which, it signifies the gospel’s word for the wondrous deeds of Jesus. Among the signs is the raising of Lazarus in Chapter 11. This account includes the narrative of the sickness, death, and the resurrection of Lazarus.It is also the climax of all the signs as Lazarus is presented as a token of the real life of Jesus. Because of the gift of life to Lazarus, Jesus is ironically put to death. Thus, it makes the people believe in Him once He has been raised from the dead. Moreover, Jesus proved in this account that He is the resurrection and the life of men for he overcomes death. We will write a custom essay sample on The Raising of Lazarus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Comparative Critique Perkins (1990) as cited in the Jerome Biblical Commentary says that â€Å"†¦the Lazarus’ miracle is a sign that Jesus really is the power of life evident in resurrection. He calls to life a buried person in the tomb.This section creates the necessary time between the death of Lazarus and Jesus’ arrival so that there can be no mistake. Lazarus was not in a coma. He had been dead for a long enough time that rabbinic authorities would have said that the soul had left the vicinity of the body and the decay would have definitely set in† (p. 969). In fact, it was two days that Jesus has waited before He goes to the family at Bethany. Jesus waited before raising Lazarus as to make His own death certain. Beforehand, Jesus said that the sickness of Lazarus was not unto death.However, even He spoke of it, Lazarus was perhaps already dead. The words have deeper meaning, related with the glory of God, which is also that of Jesus. And Jesus was confident that Lazarus will be resurrected. (Harrison, 1962). Similarly, Leonard (1953) says that â€Å"†¦in the ordinances of God’s providence the sickness was not unto death but, through the raising of Lazarus, for the glory of God, who thereby glorifies His Son, the worker of the miracle† (p. 1001). This implies that the illness has a special purpose: it is to make the glory of God manifest so that the Son will be glorified.From that, it is very clear that the giving of life to Lazarus comprises His own death and the oblation of His own life. Hence, Jesus must be willing to sacrifice His life in giving Lazarus’ life. (Flanagan, 1994). Accordingly, Clarke (1998) says that â€Å"†¦ the miracle sign has evidenced God’s glory, his presence, and in the person of the Son of God† (p. 601). Therefore, the miracle is an epiphany. God’s love was revealed through the work of His Son, Jesus Christ. Synthesis The resurrection of Lazarus is the revelation of God’s healing love. Through His Son, Jesus Christ, the worker of the miracle, He raised Lazarus.The restoration of Lazarus is the sign that Jesus is really the resurrection and the life. Thus, Lazarus’ miracle parallels to Jesus’ resurrection. The sickness of Lazarus was not unto death. This shows that Jesus is confident that Lazarus will be restored by the Power of God, even the ill was a fatal one. Besides, Jesus loved the family, yet He waited for two days but this is to make His death certain, for Lazarus’ miracle involves His own death. In other words, there is a deeper meaning in Jesus words: his sickness was not unto death, but to the glory of God. Through his illness, the glory of God will be revealed, as well as of the Son.

The United States and British Political Systems essays

The United States and British Political Systems essays The Constitution of the United States designates three main structures of government. The judiciary is charged with the country's legal system, interpreting and upholding the country's laws. The legislature, composed of the Lower House and the Senate, is composed of representatives who write the laws of the country. Finally, the executive branch runs the country's administrative needs. In the United States, the executive branch is headed by a president, who is elected directly by the American people. These elections are held separately from the elections for representatives in Congress. Furthermore, while the president is not vested with any direct legislative power by the Constitution, he or she may veto any laws that have been passed in Congress. This system of separate elections dates back to the presidential elections in 1789 (Brinkley A30). It is through this electoral period that the American government pursues a common "general will" of its constituents. In contrast to direct democracies such as Switzerland, where people vote in national referendums, the American people elect Congressional representatives and the President in two separate elections. This separation helps to maintain the system of checks and balances that prevent abuse on the part of either the executive government or the legislature. The United States legislature is composed of two bodies: the Lower House and the Senate. The Lower House or House of Representatives is composed of 435 members, who represent the various districts around the United States. Because the number of representatives depends on population, California has the greatest number of state delegates with 53 members. Sparsely populated states like Alaska, Vermont, and Wyoming have only one representative each. The House of Representatives is divided into separate committees, where much of the debate takes place. The House Ways and Means Committee, for example, considers proposed legislation ...

Prostitution in Modern Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Prostitution in Modern Europe - Essay Example In order to make the picture more prominent, it is better to look into a case of prostitution in early modern London. This instance will be able to present a true picture of how important prostitution became in modern Europe. Margaret Huberty, a woman aged 46 years was prosecuted for keeping a brothel in London in the year 1905. According to many of the witnesses, they saw unknown people going in and coming out of the house on 49, Whitfield Street, which was owned by Mrs. Huberty. When reported to London police, they kept a vigil on the house and found the report to be true. While investigating the house, they found it out to be a brothel run by Mrs. Huberty. The prostitutes were caught red handed when some disturbance caused them to shout from the windows. According to the court paper, it was the lady herself who owned the business. She used to employ prostitutes and keep them in the house. The prostitutes were also seen to accompany the men on the streets. These men were the customers and all of them were from high society. Margaret Huberty, a middle aged woman with the possession of a house does not present a picture of poverty hovering over her life. It becomes, therefore, a question of great importa nce, what compelled women like Mrs. Huberty to choose this profession as the means of earning. (The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 2003) Keeping a Keeping a brothel was nothing new in London from the second half of the 19th century. A Bailey Court case in the year 1869 tells about three London women prosecuted with this charge. They were Mary Ann Clark, Christiana Clark and Jane Roberts. Three of them compelled a girl under the age of twenty to take up the profession of a prostitute. Apart from that, they were also involved in the business of running a bawdy house. This incident clearly indicates that prostitution was quite prominently taken as a profession since that age in early modern Europe. To these women, marriage and security did not appear to be good options in life. Prostitution and its business could give them huge amount of money and this shows that these modern women in Europe understood the value of wealth very well, although social rules were ignorable to them. Another session held in the London's Central Criminal Court in the year 1889 shows an evidence of late 19th century prostitution in this city. Here, a 23 year old lady named Annie Gough was prosecuted with the charge of counterfeiting coins. Although the charge was very far from prostitution, the accused person clearly declared in the court that her main means of earning was through prostitution. She confessed before the Magistrate that her prostitution was the main profession on which her husband depended, too. This presents a picture that looks quite bleak from any social perspective. This also refers to the irresponsibility of the husband and his indifference about his wife's profession. Unlike the case of Mrs. Huberty, Gough's case had a ground of poverty. (The Proceedings of Old Bailey, 2003) According to many of the social critics, prostitution in modern Europe was a result of poverty in the families. It is also stated that in many cases, this was a temporary alternative for the women to survive. Still, this will be very unjustified to say that it was only poverty that compelled the modern European women to choose this profession. The historical survey suggests that 30% of the whole

Dancing God Ganesha Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dancing God Ganesha - Research Paper Example Of particular interest in this case is that of Ganesha. This was a popular figure in the Indian art. This deity could be portrayed doing several activities for example standing, dancing, taking an action against a demon and many other postures that could be developed. Of concern in this case is the dancing Ganesha. This work of art originated in the Indian region. The Ganesha emerged as an element of worship in the Indian religion around the 4th century. All the Indians recognized this deity regardless of the affiliations they may be having. In no time this god became very popular in the Hindu worship. In fact Hindu religious writings recommend that the Ganesha be worshipped before the commencement of any activity, be it religious or not. This particular form of deity is seen to be one that resembles a human being but it has an elephant head. The portrait is actually seen to be a representation of the supreme beings that ensures that humans get success in whatever Endeavour they undertake. This is said to be achieved by the removal of any obstacles that may hinder the success of people in their activities. The portrait is designed in such a way that there is the depiction of four arms which the deity has. This piece of art happens to be on display at the Denver Art Museum. The portrait that is displayed at the Denver Museum seems to be a little different than what is described in writings and documents about the image. This is particularly in relation to the number of arms. The oone at the museum seems to be having close to seven or eight arms. The way in which the artifact is displayed in the museum may be rather confusing to the viewer, especially if it happens that the person interested in seeing the it has some bit of information especially with regard to what to expect. The sculpture is in the form of a stone carving but the attributes associated with it are not very much related to

Critical evaluation of Maths remaining as part of the curriculum Essay

Critical evaluation of Maths remaining as part of the curriculum - Essay Example Teaching and learning mathematics dates back to the third century BC making mathematics an ancient subject (Martin, 2006). Pioneers of modern mathematics include Euclid, and Pythagoras. Presumably, the age of mathematics as a subject has rendered it irrelevant in the modern world evoking the debate on whether mathematics should remain part of the school curriculum. However most teachers particularly mathematics teachers believe that mathematics should remain as part of the school curriculum. This report present a critical analysis of responses received from both teachers and students with the aim of drawing a conclusion on the issue. Majority of the teachers confirmed that mathematics is the only subject that train students how to make logical decisions on an issue. Unlike other subject, mathematical knowledge is based on fundamental theorems and principle. In addition, mathematics is the only well defined subject or the only subject that avoids contradictions. This indicates that ma thematics endows learners with fundamental skills that cannot be obtained from another subject taught in the school curriculum. According to Martin (2006), mathematics is the only universal subject and the only subject that has remained relevant over the years. ... It has been established that most subjects teach students how to memorize or remember (Martin, 2006). This aspect makes mathematics a sufficient prerequisite to nearly all subjects taught in the school curriculum. Most science and engineering subjects such as chemistry, engineering, physics, and architecture use mathematics to proof and illustrate theoretical concepts. Discovery of abstract branches of mathematics such as algebra, topology, and analysis has also been instrumental in the evolution of computer science and information technology. Thus, nearly all subjects taught in the modern school curriculum depend on mathematics as their main language of illustration. From responses received, it is evident that teachers support the issue of maintaining mathematics in the school curriculum. It is also evident that mathematics is applicable in humanities and social sciences. In particular, mathematical techniques are applied in humanities and social sciences to establish social trends and to quantify key social quantities such as population. Therefore, mathematics cannot be eliminated from the school curriculum. The interactive nature of mathematics is the main factor that makes most students to shy away from the subject. Unlike other subjects taught in the school curriculum, mathematics requires active participation of students. This compels the students to participate in classroom activities such as class discussion and completing assignments. Thus, mathematics exams not only examine a student’s ability to remember theoretical content but their level of participation in the school activities. Evidently, the level of a student’s participation in mathematics also measures their

Solar Radiation Climate

Solar Radiation Climate Incoming solar radiation is a key component of the Earths Climatology. From maintaining the Earths climate, living forms are able to survive as Hulstrom (1989, p.1) points out solar radiation is a key principle for sustaining life and as a renewable source of energy it can prevent exploitation of the non-renewable sources e.g. oil. Depending on the landscape, solar radiation can create varies microclimates as explained by Chen, Saunders, Crow, Naiman, Brosofske, Mroz, Brookshire, and Franklin (1999, p.288) where a canopy of vegetation will absorb the short-wave radiation, increasing the sensitivity of the ground surface temperatures below. Chen, Hall and Liou (2006, p.1) state it is the spatial and temporal elements of incoming surface solar radiation that can determine many landscape scale processes. An area of interest where incoming radiation can create or trigger several processes and climates is mountainous terrain. Even though the total surface area of mountain systems around the world is a very small percentage of the total Earth surface, they can still create an input to the climate system experienced globally. The intensity of solar radiation reached at the surface plays a vital role in mountain climates. It is variations in elevation, slope, aspect, and shadowing that can affect the amount of radiation received at the surface (Dubayah, 1994, p.627, White, Mottershead Harrison, 1994, p. 207, and Chen et al., 2006, p. 1). This study will focus on incoming radiation and analyse the extent to which each of the factors above affect incoming radiation received upon uneven terrain. The focus will be on incoming radiation because, as Duguay points out (1993, p.339) any progress in the determination of surface radiation in mountainous terrain has to begin with incoming shortwave radiation. Another aspect that this study will approach is the extent to which vegetation canopy cover can intercept radiation before reaching the Earths surface. A study created by Mariscal, Orgaz, and Villaobos (2000, p.183) states the importance of measuring radiation received at the surface for purposes of photosynthesis and proposed 70% (p.184) of solar radiation can be intercepted by canopy cover. This study will be analysing the amount of radiation received beneath a forest canopy to aid the understanding between incoming radiation and vegetation cover. This study is designed to examine the intensity of incoming solar radiation received within Cwm Llysiog valley (51Ëš49N 3Ëš25W), located in the Brecon Beacons in South- East Wales. A Coniferous tree forest, located at the Southern end of the valley provides a canopy of vegetation to record radiation measurements beneath. The northern part of the valley is mostly grasslands and shrubs, providing a transect to measure radiation without vegetation inception. Across Britain in the 1970s Harding (1979,p.161) discovered there was very few actual observations of radiation reached on the surface across the uplands due to there be a lack of â€Å"robust automatic instruments, capable of withstanding the extremes of an upland environment†. A problem that was crossed in this study was the availability of automatic instruments for recording solar radiation, disallowing me to achieve the quantity of radiation data required. Literature Review Radiation Radiation is the main input to the black-box closed- system, planet Earth, received from the Sun, in the form of electromagnetic radiation waves ranging from 0.25-3.5 micrometres (Oke, 1987, p.8-9). These waves travel towards the Earth away from the source, at a speed of 299,800kilometers/second (Strobel, 2001). There is a large distance between the Sun and the Earth, resulting in only 0.002% of the total radiation secreted from the Sun is an input to the Earths system. The ozone is an important component for protecting the Earths atmosphere from captivating harmful amounts of solar radiation, by absorbing the majority of the radiation around wavelengths of 300mm. Each different wavelength is absorbed at different points of the Earths atmosphere. Shorter wavelength UV radiation and solar energetic particles are deposited mainly above the troposphere, where gases such as O2 (Oxygen) act as an absorber of the UV radiation (Lean Rind, 1998, p. 3072). Visible light is what can be seen b y the eye and is centred on wavelengths of about 0.5 µm (McIlveen, 1998, p.244). Acra et al. (1990), researched into how atmospheric interventions can cause this change in wavelength and how different colours can relate to the wavelength Blue skies are present when the degree of scattering is sufficiently high within the blue region of the spectrum (McVeigh, 1977, cited by Acra et al., 1990). The intensity of radiation reaching the Earth surface as a single value is 1353W/m5 and continues to be relatively constant (Rich, Hetrick Saving, 1995, p.3). Nunez (1980, p. 173) expresses the need for reliable knowledge of solar and terrestrial radiation at the Earths surface and looks into approaches that concentrate on the radiation fluxes over a unit of horizontal area, and some index of atmospheric turbidity to derive a climatic radiation model. It is analysed that in most of these cases the radiation fluxes at ground level are assumed to be non-related to the properties of the receiving surface. It would only be the reflected and outgoing terrestrial radiation that the surface would initiate changes (Nunez, 1980, p.173.). The surface properties aspect and gradient will be measured to analyse whether Nunez (1980) has the right idea. The receiving of energy emitted by the Sun, at the Earth surface is controlled by three sets of factors. Spatial and temporal variation in insolation at specific sites is predictable from basic geometric principles, and can cause variation in climatic conditions across local topography. Insolation is commonly expressed as the average irradiance and is a function of latitude, day of year, time of day, slope and aspect of the receiving surface, and horizon obstruction (Rich, Hetrick Saving, 1995, p.1). At different times throughout the day the Suns height appears to change, and is at its highest in around noon. At this point the sun rays have the least distance to travel through the atmosphere and UVB are at their highest. In the early morning and late afternoon the Suns rays pass through the atmosphere at an angle resulting in a reduction in intensity. The second is the scattering and absorption of incoming radiation within the atmosphere, through gases, aerosols and cloud particles. This results in three forms of incoming radiation received on inclined surfaces, including: direct (beam) radiation, which is the part of solar radiation that is not absorbed or scattered by the atmosphere and has a direct path from the sun to the surface (Allen, Trezza Tasumi, 2006, p.55). This study will be focusing on the factors influencing radiation once its nearer to the surface. Mathematical models have been used to estimate solar radiation. Alam, Saha, Chowdhury, Saifuzzaman and Rahman (2005) present a mathematical model to simulate the availability of solar radiation in Bangladesh using system dynamics methodology. describes the formulation of the mathematical model used for the study. It takes into account slope angles, atmospheric absorption and scattering by diffused radiation, and the amount of extraterrestrial radiation that would be received. One problem with these models is that the outcomes are only predictions of radiation intensity. Surface based measurements avoid estimations from modelling on radiation, but are more labour intensive. Holst, Rost and Mayer (2005) used both surface based measurements and empirical modelling, because it was recognised that modelling did not reach a standard of accuracy on its own. For this study field based measurements were carried out over the period of two days to measure the intensity of radiation received at the surface. Mountain Climates Observations made in mountains are very important for the understanding of solar radiation and solar constant. Data collection on mountains and their climates over many years has been seen to be quite problematic. The areas tend to be remote from major centres of human activity, have limited physical access, difficult to install and maintain weather stations, and can experience extreme climates. Recent studies have used satellite remote sensing and digital terrain data for analysing mountain climates (Duguay, 1994, Haefner, Seidel, Ehrler, 1997, Dubayah, 1994). Digital and satellite imagery has confirmed many climatic conditions that have emerged over thousands of years from the analysis of synoptic data, and has increased the understanding of cloud cover influencing radiation at the surface. Geographical controls that vary the intensity of solar radiation reaching the surface are Latitude and Altitude. Barry (1992, p.18) explains that latitude has a great influence on mountain climates with solar radiation and temperature decreasing with increasing latitudes. The Ozone becomes increasingly rich with altitude resulting in the mid and higher altitude regions reaching less radiation because the sun is lower in the sky and therefore the rays must travel a greater distance through the Ozone. This gives reason to why Holland and Steyn (1975, p.181) discovered aspect as being an important parameter in the mid- latitudes. Barry (1992, p. 77) also pronounces slope effects changes with latitude. Around latitudes of 40 ºN in the northern hemisphere, north facing slopes receive a greater duration of direct radiation throughout the day compared to south facing slopes (Barry, 1992, p.77). The Brecon Beacons is 51ËšN so the duration of direct radiation will be shorter on the north facing slope, but the differences between intensities on each slope will be compared for the duration of the day. Cloud cover is recognised as being a limiting parameter of incoming radiation (Arking Childs, 1984, Rieland Stuhlmann, 1992) and a main contributor to diffuse radiation. This research believes cloud cover plays a vital role in scattering and preventing direct solar radiation reaching the Earths surface. Rumney (1968, p. 89) exemplifies the fact that the amount of radiation and sunshine from one year to another would be the same were it not for variable amounts of cloud cover. Cloud cover is thought to cause â€Å"back scattering, and can reduce the solar power reaching the underlying surface by as much as 90%,† (McIlveen, 1998, p.244). Fritz (1951, cited by Garnier Ohmura, 1968, p.798) noted that cloudless skies are appropriate in climate studies to limit the atmospheric tranmissivity influence on incoming radiation. Spatial characteristics of mountainous terrain such as orientation, angle, vegetation cover and shadowing from neighbouring slopes have been the subject of many observational and analytical studies, Duguay (1993) by modelling downward fluxes (pp.341- 347), Churchill (1982) with aspect influence on hill slope process, Holland and Steyn (1975), vegetation response to angle and aspect, and Wendler and Ishikawa (1974) with the effects on slope and exposure on solar radiation. Figure 3 illustrates the three sources of illumination that can occur on slopes. Variability in slope angle can lead to strong local gradients in solar radiation (Ralph, 1994, p.627 Kumar, Skidmore, Knowles, 1997, 467). Holland and Steyn (1975, p.181) found that the differences in incident solar radiation in mountainous areas of different slopes and aspects were maximum in the mid-latitudes and the least in equatorial and polar regions. The mid-latitudes in the northern hemisphere are closer to the Sun in July (su mmer solstice) resulting in greater amount of radiation received on slopes north facing slopes receive more radiation in early hours (0600hrs) of the day and later hours in the evening (1800hrs) compared to the south facing slopes. The southern facing slopes, of an angle greater than 55 º receives a greater intensity of radiation at midday, where the north facing slopes are not illuminated, as displayed in figure 4. Barry (1992, p. 76) acknowledges the fact that â€Å"South- facing slopes at the equinoxes show a symmetrical diurnal pattern,† from the time the sun rises in the east, limiting the intensity shining on south facing slopes with increasing steepness in the early hours of the day. By comparing the north west and south east facing slopes through the duration of a day, I will be able to analyse whether the patterns found within research have correlated with my own findings. It shows the steep south facing slopes reach a greater amount of radiation compared to average south facing slopes, but it is clear the greatest difference between aspects is when the sun is either highest in June, or lowest in December in the sky (Ralph, 1994, p.633). Surface temperature is a useful parameter to estimate the amount of radiation received on varying slope aspects. Safanda (1999, p.367) expresses that the north facing slopes in the middle latitudes in the northern hemisphere are a few  ºC colder at similar elevations as on South-facing slope surfaces. Reason for this is that less solar radiation falls on a unit area of the slope surface (Safanda, 1999, p.367). By recording near surface temperatures for the two valley transects, it will allow me to correlate the differences between two aspects by comparing temperatures at the same elevation. Shadowing from neighbouring slopes or valleys is thought to be a â€Å"spatio-temporal function† because it depends on both topography and solar geometry (Ranzi Rosso, 1995, p.464). Shadowing, introduced by Ranzi and Rosso (1995, p. 468) for a catchment basin that has shadowing occurring across the surface from projected horizons within the catchment area, is ‘Self Shadowing. This should only occur in a valley with east and west facing slopes as the sun will rise in the east projecting a shadow onto the east facing slope if elevation is great enough. By knowing the different slope angles and orientations of the Cwm Llysiog valley, the effect of exposure and shadowing can be assessed. The McCall Glacier (Alaska) was studied (Wendler Ishikawa, 1974) for the effect of slope, exposure and mountain screening on solar radiation and discovered that the screening effect of mountains was much more important than the northerly exposure reducing radiation reaching the glacier. It is not only slope shadowing that could limit the intensity of radiation received at the surface in the Cwm Llysiog valley, vegetation cover will also reflect radiation. Cannell, Milne, Sheppard, and Unsworth (1987), and Bartelink (1998) explain with increasing canopy cover, radiation interception is increased resulting in a decrease of radiation at the surface (Jordan, 1969, p.663). Vegetation cover is thought to be the greatest limiting factor in the Vegetated valley and will be compared to the non- vegetated valley radiation readings to verify this prediction. 2. Aims and Objectives The aim of this study is to investigate how the variability in slope, aspect and shadowing comprise to create a changing affect on the gradients of incoming radiation in forested and non- forested valleys. This will be assessed by comparing north and south facing slopes within a South Wales valley with forested and non-forested slopes in the summer with cloudless skies. Below is each Hypothesis set before measurements were taken and research that backups the reasoning for the hypothesis. Hypothesis A: The vegetated slopes will decrease the intensity of solar radiation received at the surface compared to the non- vegetated slopes. This will reflect in the surface temperature, with an increase in solar radiation resulting in an increase in temperature. Safanda (1999, p.367) concluded that north facing slopes achieve a low temperature then south facing slopes. Bartelink (1998) is one of many that has proven vegetation cover will decrease the intensity of radiation received at the surface. Hypothesis B: The intensity of solar radiation will be greater on the south east facing slopes compared to the total solar radiation received on the north west facing slopes. The orientation of slope faces will be the most influential factor on incoming solar radiation. White et al. (1994, p.207) describes the azimuth (orientation of the surface) as being the most influential component in the intensity of solar radiation received at the surface. It is stated that a southerly facing aspect will receive a greater intensity of radiation at the surface compared to a northerly aspect, which might not receive any at all. On the other hand Whiteman, Allwine, Fritschen, Orgill, and Simpson (1988) compared radiation components from five stations situated in a single valley during September of 1984 and concluded that slope faces have distinctly different diurnal courses of radiation. Slopes facing north east, experience downward solar fluxes directly after the slope is illuminated during sunrise but the fluxes become weaker during the afternoon as a result sunset. In contrast the south west facing slopes, has weaker direct radiation in the morning but attains a strong peak in the early afternoon. This view is slightly different to Whites et al. theory on aspect. Hypothesis C: Slope angle will have a less influential impact on radiation intensity compared to slope aspect. It is thought with an increase in gradients the intensity of solar radiation will decrease and become less direct. White et al. (1994, p.208) explains that these two factors (aspect and gradient) combined have a greater effect on the amount of direct radiation on north facing slopes in the northern hemisphere. It is made clear, with increasing slope angles, there is a decrease in solar intensity directed at the north facing aspect. Dubayah (1994, p. 634) displays a time series of monthly incoming solar radiation for different slope terrains within the Rio Grande River Basin. The study shows steep south facing slopes receive around 140W/m2 more radiation than a steep north-facing slope in July. The differences displayed in these findings are thought to be due to slope gradient. Hypothesis D: Within the forested valley, the vegetation cover will cause a great deal of shadowing on the surface decreasing solar radiation received at the surface. The greatest shadowing in the non- vegetated valley will occur in the lower sites, near the valley floor where the surrounding horizons are at a higher elevation, decreasing the sky view factor. Ranzi and Rossos (1995, p.464) study in a drainage basin realised that shadowing occurs at low altitudes, as the â€Å"direct radiation is less important in relation to the other radiative fluxes, i.e. diffuse irradiance from the sky and direct and diffused irradiance reflected from nearby terrain†. This means any horizon at a higher elevation then the site being studied will reduce the intensity of solar radiation received at the particular site. White et al. (1989, p.419) agrees with Ranzi and Rosso views where changes in orientation or positioning on a slope, affects the view of surrounding topography, thus affecting receipt of reflected radiation. Jordan (1969, p. 663) explains The greater the vegetation cover the greater the greater the difference in radiation above and below the canopy. Null Hypothesis: There will be no correlation between radiation received at the surface on the vegetated and non- vegetated slopes. Factor such as slope orientation, slope angle and shadowing will not influence the amount of radiation reached at the surface. Elevation The relationship between direct radiation and surface elevation is complex and depends on the atmospheric conditions such as cloud cover. With an increase in surface elevation an increase in direct solar radiation will occur, because the solar path through the atmosphere is shortened. This only tends to occur under cloudless skies. Batlles, Bosch, Tovar-Pescador, Martinez-Durban, Ortega and Miralles (2008, p.341) studied atmospheric parameters to estimate radiation in areas of complex topography and came to the conclusion that only the global radiation changes with increase of 1000m in elevation. It was thought that in the current microclimate being studied, elevation variations are less significant than other topographic variables, such as shadowing affects. Measurements recorded in the field for this study only reached 40m up the slope, meaning the effect of elevation on radiation would be very little. Due to these findings elevation will not be included in this study as a control. Objectives The main objective is to examine any correlation between slope aspect, slope angle, shadowing and vegetation cover and to analyse the influence they might have on the intensity of incoming solar radiation reaching the surface. To assess these factors affecting incoming radiation on sloping terrain, this study will test the hypotheses determined by studying the previous research. The hypotheses will be tested by recording a set of incoming solar radiation readings along a transect across a valley over the period of a day. It was difficult to locate a valley with north and south facing slopes in Wales. The Cwm Llysiog presents north west and south east aspects. The increase in elevation will be measured to display differences in radiation at the base of the valley and the valley slopes. The gradient is also important to analyse the correlation between slopes and radiation. A set of temperature results at the nine sites along the transect will determine if there is a link between solar radiation intensity and near surface temperatures. Another main objective is to provide readings for all the above, on a slope covered by a forest canopy, creating a shadowing affect. Exposure readings for all sites will be recorded to assess the extent of shadowing from near surfaces and objects.

George Orwells: A Hanging Essay -- Literary Analysis

A world famous Essayist, a Novelist, and Critic, George Orwell is a name most people have heard at one point in their lives. His work continues to be used for educational purposes and held to a very high standard by many. Best remembered for his twin satires on totalitarianism, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, Orwell was a major participant in the British socialist movement. Although championing a radical politics of collective ownership, he extolled tradition and love of country while drawing a sharp distinction between patriotism and nationalism ("ORWELL, GEORGE." ). He was born into a poor but proud middle class family in Moti-hari, Bengal, India as Eric Arthur Blair. His surname, George Orwell, stuck with him after writing his first book Down and Out in Paris and London. This title was regarding his experiences of how his upbringing left him with feelings of great guilt, and how he then chose to live in squalor for a period of his life. With unemployment rates extremely high in the 1930’s he chose to join the labors and beggars and lived in low income lodging in London and Paris. He wondered the streets with professional vagrants and lived and learned their way of life. For Orwell this brought him closer to his roots and was an experience he has to live (â€Å"George Orwell.†). Orwell was raised in England by his mother Ida, but he was often separated from his father Richard Orwell; who spent his time working in India. His reputation among the people led him to be known as young and eccentric but withdrawn by most people who knew him. Orwell made an interesting reputation for himself, as a brilliant but poverty stricken writer. His determination led him to many good things; Orwell was awarded two scholarships to what were ... ...ell. Printer Publishers, 1991. 85-92. Rpt. In short Stories for Students. Ed. Kathleen Wilson and Marie Lazzari. Vol. 4 Detroit: Gale, 1998. Literature Resource Center. Web. 9 Feb. 2012 Orwell, George, and George Packer. Facing Unpleasant Facts: Narrative Essays. Orlando: Harcourt, 2008. 23-28. Print. "ORWELL, GEORGE." Encyclopedia of Nationalism: Leaders, Movements, and Concepts. Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology, 2000. Credo Reference. Web. 08 April 2012. "Orwell, George (pseudonym of George Orwell) (1903 - 1950)." The Bloomsbury Dictionary of English Literature. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd, 1997. Credo Reference. Web. 12 March 2012. Rodden, John. â€Å"View To A Kill.† AmGeorgean Conservative 10.9 (2011): 33. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 08 Mar. 2012 Sheldon, Michael. Orwell: The Authorized Biography. New York: Harper Collins, 1991. 53-340. Print.